Quantum leap
ALTHOUGH automotive styling is subjective, the one vehicle
that seems to top more opinion polls naming the most beautiful car in the
world, the Jaguar E-type. Styled mainly by aerodynamicist Malcolm Sayer, with
significant input by Sir William Lyons, the car caused a sensation when it was
unveiled in 1961. For many, it’s also gone on to become the one car that
consistently challenges the Mini as the decade’s automotive icon.
The heart of the E-type was the DOHC inline-six cylinder XK
engine, originally launched in the Jaguar XK120 back in 1948. When it first
appeared in 1948, the XK engine developed 160bhp, and went a long way to
helping the XK120 along to become the world’s fastest series production car. It
was a special engine, though – and went on to lead a very long life – a
testament to its design team: Claude Bailly, William Heynes and Walter Hassan.
Its development potential soon became apparent, and with
each successive new Jaguar launch, it became just that little bit more powerful:
while the XK120 became the XK140 in 1954, and then the XK150 of 1957, its
engine was stretched to keep each slightly heavier new variation as quick as
its predecessor. In 1960, once again, the XK sports car line became a force to
be reckoned with, with the arrival of the new bored-out 3.8 litre XK version,
which pumped out 220bhp (SAE) and 265bhp (SAE) depending on which version you
went for. It was a good starting point for the next generation of sports car –
because if nothing else, the XK140 and XK150 had been criticized by owners and
enthusiasts for their tendency to become fatter and heavier; thus diluting the
XK line.
The beginning of the E-type: E1A prototype being put through its paces...
So, when the XK150′s production ceased in October 1960, the
world with baited breath to see what Jaguar could come up with as a replacement.
After all, the C- and D-types were proving devastatingly effective on track –
and what fans were expecting was something equally dominant for the road.
Little did they expect…
A new sensation is conceived
The team that would create the E-type needed little
encouragement. The firm’s technical director, William Heynes, had been at
Browns Lane since 1935, and ended up leading the project; the body was styled
by a new recruit to Jaguar, Malcolm Sayer, and here’s where the company took a
real leap forward. Sayer was a modest man, though, despite his brilliant
academic performance: born in Cromer, Norfolk in May 1916, he was educated in
Great Yarmouth, and then in 1933 he gained a scholarship into Loughborough
College, where he studied in the Automobile Department. He left Loughborough in
1938 and joined the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he stayed for 10 years.
Following a couple of years in Iraq, he returned to the UK, taking his post at
Jaguar Cars in September 1950.
The greatness soon followed: the work put into the C-type
paid off, as the car won the prestigious Le Mans 24 hour race in both 1951 and
1953. In 1953, William Heynes designed the one-off XKC 054/XP11 to investigate
monocoque construction. For this car Malcolm Sayer designed a sleeker lower
slung body which pointed the way to the E-type. However Jaguar decided an all
new car was needed for competition, and created the D-type racer. Again the
work paid off as Jaguar won Le Mans in 1955, 1956 and 1957, on the last two
occasions, it was the privateer team, Ecurie Ecosse, that triumphed.
Under Heynes, work proper commenced on the E-type in
December 1956. The first prototype was completed in May 1957, and had the
official title of E-type 1 Aluminium, or E1A. The E1A was smaller than the
production E-type, at 14ft 2in in length, but larger than the D-type. Its
construction was largely derived from the D-type, and featured a central
monocoque tub. However, where it differed from the D-type, was in its use of a
new independent rear suspension system. The E1A was powered by the short-block
2.4-litre XK engine, that had been developed for the Jaguar Mk1, that had been
launched in 1955.
The E1A was extensively tested by Jaguar’s team of drivers,
but in May 1958, Heynes decided to lend E1A to the editor of The
Motor magazine, Christopher Jennings, for an independent appraisal.
Jennings was impressed by the car’s ability to cover distances rapidly, even
with just 120bhp. By this time, Jaguar had built a second E-type prototype for
the road, and which more closely resembled the production car. The E-type
gradually evolved during 1958, a year when Jaguar also began work on the Zenith
project, which became the big top of the range MkX saloon. Both cars would
feature independent rear suspension designed by Bob Knight (in an amazing 27
days) as part of a bet with Jaguar boss Sir William Lyons. Knight’s suspension
design would end up enduring into the 1990s…
By July 1959, Jaguar had a third E-type prototype on the
road.
In 1960, the public had their first view of the style of the
next Jaguar sports car when the E2A sports-racer was unveiled. E2A was not an
E-type prototype as such; it was based on the D-type, but shared the future
E-type’s wheelbase, and was intended to compete in the 1960 Le Mans 24 Hour,
where it was entered by American Jaguar enthusiast and distributor, Briggs
Cunningham. E2A retired from the event.
E2A prototype looks more like the final production model...
Drama at Geneva
William Lyons shows the E-type to the press at Geneva in 1961...
It was planned to unveil the E-type at the 1961 Geneva Motor
Show Prior to this, Jaguar would loan the two major UK weekly motoring magazines, The Autocar and The
Motor a car to test. These road tests would go on to prove pivotal in
marketing the E-type, but a press embargo was in force until the actual
unveiling of the new sports car. Jaguar already had one car on the company’s
stand in Geneva, but it was decided that another E-type was required for Sir
William Lyons to show to the media.
At around 7pm on Tuesday 14 March 1961, Jaguar’s PR
department employee, Bob Berry, left Browns Lane, Coventry in a fixed head
E-type, registered 9600HP. Berry drove virtually flat out through the night,
arriving in Geneva, where he drove to the local Jaguar distributor for a
20-minute wash and polish, before heading to the Parc des Eaux Vives for the
public unveiling by Sir William Lyons. Surrounded by up to 200 members of the
press, 9600HP caused a sensation, and so did the price. At £2097 for the
roadster and £2196 for the FHC, it was condemnably cheaper than similar
performing cars from Ferrari, Aston Martin and Chevrolet, and was on a par with
much slower cars from Porsche and AC. In fact, the E-types was initially sold
at a cheaper price than the outgoing XK150.
So what was the technical specification of this sensational
new Jaguar sports car? The powertrain, which was carried over from the XK150S,
was a 3781 cc XK engine mated to a four-speed Moss transmission, without
overdrive. Jaguar claimed the E-type engine produced 265bhp (SAE) at 5500 rpm,
but this was – to say the least – an exaggeration. The cast iron cylinder block
was actually manufactured by Leyland Motors in Lancashire, a task it had
performed since 1948, predating its involvement in the management of Jaguar.
The aluminium cylinder head came from two sources, West Yorkshire Foundries of
York and William Mills of Wednesbury, Staffordshire.
The XK engine was fed by triple 2in SU HD8 SU carburetors.
The body employed a central monocoque made of steel, a year before the
monocoque chassis made its appearance in Formula One racing. The Bob Knight
designed independent rear suspension, and the careful use of rubber, helped
suppress noise and vibration. Initially, the car was available in two forms,
the roadster – styled by Malcolm Sayer – and the fixed head coupe (FHC),
featuring an opening rear hatchback, which also had some input from Sir William
Lyons and Bob Blake. The E-type was the only Jaguar car produced during Lyons’
active involvement in the running of the company, not wholly styled by the boss
himself.
So far the looks and price of the E-type had set pulses
racing, but later in March 1961, came the publication of the road tests.
The Motor magazine tested 77 RW, a roadster, and the
second E-type to be built by the production department. This car could reach
60mph in 7.1 seconds and attain a maximum speed of 149mph. TheMotor men
assigned to the task were John Anstice Brown and Charles Bulmer, who would go
on to become the magazine’s editor. An indication that perhaps the results
attained by the Motor men were not typical of the standard production
cars was the decision to equip the test car, 77 RW, with Dunlop R5 racing
tyres. Certainly, Charles Bulmer later felt that 77 RW had a more powerful
engine than standard cars.
The Autocar tested 9600HP, which was in fact the
seventh E-type prototype, the second FHC, and the car Bob Berry drove to Geneva.
To evaluate the car’s performance the magazine used two journalists, one with
an interesting past and one with an interesting future: Maurice A Smith DFC was
concurrently both editor of The Autocar and Flight. During the
WW2, he had completed a tour of operations with 619 squadron, RAF Bomber
Command before becoming one of Five Group’s master bombers. It was in this role
that he led the first wave of bombers on the controversial Dresden raid of
February 1945. His partner on the test was Peter Riviere, who later quit
motoring journalism to enter the world of academia, and became a distinguished
Professor of Anthropology.
The Autocar team, again using Dunlop R5 racing tyres,
managed to achieve 150.4mph and a 0-60mph time of 6.9 seconds. The
all-important 150mph barrier had been breached, and Jaguar Cars marketing
machine exploited it.
When 9600HP was restored by its current owner, Jaguar
historian Philip Porter, the engine was found to be a run in XK150S unit with a
gas flowed cylinder head carefully matched to the inlet and exhaust manifolds –
possibly worth an extra 20-25bhp. Maurice Smith later owned a 3.8 litre E-type
roadster, and claimed he never got more than 137mph out of it. There is strong
evidence that motoring journalists were provided with either carefully
blueprinted or tweaked engines in order to attain headline grabbing results in
order to create the myth of the 150mph Jaguar E-type.
The main criticisms of the E-type were reserved for the
seating, the high oil consumption, lack of space, poor braking and the ageing
Moss gearbox, which lacked synchromesh on first gear.
The E-type was launched at a time when the UK motor industry
was coming out recession and bedeviled by unofficial strikes, with BMC
particularly afflicted. The new Jaguar was an instant hit, and the company
hoped to ramp up production to 150 per week by the Autumn of 1961. However
disputes at Smiths industries and SU Carburetors, suppliers to the Coventry
company, restricted production to 2160 E-types in 1961. In fact by August 1961
only 383 cars had been built.
In October 1961, Jaguar took over Guy Motors and announced
the big MkX saloon, which used the same tune XK engine and transmission as the
E-type. In early 1962, a series of internal industrial disputes again paralyzed
production after Jaguar had won a large American order for its cars, and the
disruption continued on and off for the rest of the year. Jaguar managed to
ramp up production to 150 cars per week in March 1962. Despite the industrial
disputes, Jaguar produced 6266 E-types in 1962. If the E-type looked
futuristic, British car manufacturing industrial relations seemed positively
archaic in comparison.
A sign that the E-type was not perfect was exposed by the
new Ford Cortina, launched in September 1962. Unlike the Coventry car, the
Cortina had synchromesh on bottom gear…
Most people tend to associate the Jaguar E-type with the
so-called ‘swinging-’60s’, but the decade didn’t start swinging until 1963,
when the year’s hottest new show business act, a Liverpool beat combo by the
name of the Beatles, conquered Britain and swept away a whole generation of
sub-Presley lookalikes and soundalikes. The Beatles’ first album, ‘Please
Please Me‘ was released in March 1963, the same month that Jaguar took over
Coventry-Climax, the fork lift truck manufacturer, which also happened to make
racing engines as a sideline. The takeover of Coventry Climax also brought a
return to the Jaguar fold of Walter Hassan, one of the XK engine’s original
design team. Another major event occurred at the end of March 1963 – with the
publication of the Beeching Report, which called for the closure of thousands
of miles of railway branch lines.
Whatever one’s view of Dr Beeching’s report from the traffic
congested viewpoint of nearly 50 years later, at the time, rail travel was seen
as a relic from the Victorian era.
The public aspired towards car ownership, and as the same
public were also voters, any politician who was not prepared to satisfy their
aspirations risked political suicide. In Britain, a large scale motorway
building program was already underway and similar programs were being
undertaken across the western world. This was the brash new world of the 1960s,
in which new technology would forge a bright future where the sun would always
shine, and the E-type became one of the symbols of this utopia. In an era when
Britain’s best selling cars, the BMC 1100 and Ford Cortina, struggled to exceed
70mph, the 150mph E-type ate up the miles on Britain’s new motorway system.
In April 1963, Autocar tested the latest revised
E-type FHC, and this time reached 152.7 mph with a 0-60mph time of 7.2 seconds.
After the initial rush for the car in 1961/1962, E-type production for 1963 was
down to 4065.
Development of the E-type
The following February, the technical editor
of Autocar magazine since 1955, Harry Mundy, joined Jaguar. Before
joining the magazine, Mundy had worked for ERA, BRM and Coventry-Climax, and
later designed the twin-cam engine used by the Lotus Cortina. This was also the
month the Beatles conquered the USA and spearheaded the British invasion of the
American music charts. When the E-type was launched, priority was given to 50
motor racing personalities, so that the car would be seen around the motor
racing paddocks. Now, with the success of British pop music abroad, the Jaguar
E-type was seen in the hands of the young movers and shakers of the 1960s,
giving the car the all-important youthful image. George Harrison and Dave Clark
were both E-type owners.
In October, Jaguar announced the new 4.2-litre XK engine for
use in the MkX saloon and E-type. Built in response to the large capacity V8
engines appearing in the USA, the new 4235cc engine boosted torque from the
3.8-litre’s 260lb ft at 4000rpm to 283lb ft at 4000rpm. The quoted power output
remained at 265bhp (SAE), but now at the slightly lower 5400 rpm. Along with
the new engine, came a new all-synchromesh four-speed gearbox designed by
William GJ Watson, although again there was still no overdrive
facility for the sports car…
The E-type gained a revised electrical system and improved
seating. So how did the revised car perform?
Motor magazine tested ARW 732B, a 4.2-litre FHC for its
issue of 31 October 1964. It managed to attain 150mph and a 0-60 mph time of
7seconds, with more refinement, but that was not the whole story. According to
David Benson, then on the staff of Motor, the testers could not get more
than 148mph out of ARW 732B, so Jaguar insisted that the car was returned to
them for some fettling, which duly done then provided the magic 150
figure. Autocar was not able to lay its hands on a test car until May
1965, when it tested another FHC, AWK 349B. Using Dunlop R6 racing tires, it
managed 153mph and a 0-60mph time of 7.6seconds. Total Jaguar E-type production
for 1964 was 3960 cars.
On New Year’s day 1965, it was announced that Jaguar were
taking over the Henry Meadows diesel manufacturer whose plant was adjacent to
the recently purchased Guy Motors facility. Then in February, Jaguar subsidiary
Coventry Climax announced it would be pulling out of motor racing at the end of
the year. This freed up its engineers to work on future road car engines for
Jaguar. In March 1965 Motor Sport correspondent Denis Jenkinson took
deliver of a Carmen red FHC, FPL 660C, a 4.2-litre E-type. Jenks’ job as a
motor racing journalist required him to travel long distances all over Europe,
often as far as Sicily, which meant he required a reliable and refined long
distance car to replace his then-current mode of transport, a Porsche 356.
In 1982, he explained why he initially rejected the E-type,
having borrowed a car in the south of France in 1962. He agreed the performance
was phenomenal but, ‘…Compared with the Porsche I was running at the time the
seats felt awful, with to little support to the back, negligible sideways
support and no support at all under the knees. I could not imagine sitting in
the driving seat for 12-hours on end, as I was in the habit of doing in my
travels around Europe. It still had the horrid old Jaguar gearbox, which I
could not stand in the XK120, with its slow change from first to second, and no
synchromesh on bottom gear. There was no question of snicking into first gear
quickly when you arrived at a tight hairpin in the mountains unexpectedly… I
would have liked an E-type coupe, from the looks performance and all-British
aspect, but I could not see it standing up to the rough usage involved in trips
to Sicily, Sweden or Portugal. Firms like Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Lancia or
Ferrari gave the customer confidence; Jaguar did not.’
Having test driven the new improved 4.2-litre E-type, and
been impressed by the revised car, Denis Jenkinson took the plunge and ordered
one. He related: ‘As soon as I had the car I had gone over it with a set of
spanners, tweaking everything up just that little bit tighter than it had been
done in the factory. I talked to one of the Jaguar engineers about this and he
agreed that it was no bad thing, for on the assembly line things are done to a
“production tightness” which tends to be nearer to the minimum than the maximum
permissible. It seemed to pay off, for in more than 200,000 miles of E-type
motoring I never had anything fall off due to breaking loose.’
While all this was going on, Denis Jenkinson was acquainting
himself with his new E-type. His first overseas trip was to the Pyrenees and
back ‘…the long straights after Bordeaux allowed me to get into the rhythm of
effortless cruising at 100mph, and I realized I was going to enjoy life living
with an E-type.’
This was of course in the era before speed limits were
imposed on motorists and before the 1973 oil crisis. Jenkinson continued, ‘The
next trip was a bit more serious, for it was straight down to Sicily, putting
in an easy 500-600 miles a day. The ride and comfort of the E-type was first
class, the seats came up to all the claims made by Jaguar when they were
introduced. On the Italian Autostrada a leisurely gait was 105mph… I found all
day at 105mph adequate for my needs.’ One interesting point is that Jenks”
cruised FPL 660C at 105mph, which was higher than the 102 mph maximum speed of
his previous car, the Porsche 356. Later that year Denis Jenkinson indulged in
further high speed continental motoring.
‘During this trip I had frequent occasion to use the full
potential of the E-type’s 265bhp (SAE), which in reality is an honest 180bhp. I
often pulled 5000rpm in top gear (about 132mph) reaching an absolute terminal
of 143mph on the long Autostrada straight past Montecassino, south of Naples.
Not unnaturally, one frequently became embroiled in private dices with Ferraris
and other fast cars, and on one occasion I ran in company with a 250GT Ferrari
at close on 120mph from Milan to Turin.’ It should be mentioned that FPL 660C
had a lower compression engine in order for it to cope with the lower quality
fuel on the continent.
Back in the UK the government had decided to crack down on
this type of high speed motoring. On 24th November 1965, the British government
imposed a 70mph speed limit, initially for four months, but now in force for
over 40 years. Still this did not affect ‘Jenks’ on the continent.
‘A pretty regular trip was down the Autostrada from Milan to
Modena, the home of Maserati and Ferrari among lots of other things. One of the
best runs the E-type did on this stretch was 1 hour 3 minutes holding 5100 rpm
in top for a long way (about 135 mph).’
The range is expanded
At the Geneva Motor show in March 1966, the delayed 2+2
E-type was announced. Right from the E-type’s earliest days, Sir William Lyons
had demanded more room inside, and after a five-year gestation period, the
finished article appeared. Using the internal codename of XJ8, the 2+2 was only
available as a FHC and had its wheelbase lengthened by 9in to 8ft 9in. Weight
was increased by 63.5kg. The 2+2 also featured a taller windscreen, longer
doors and room in the back for two children. It was also available with a three
speed Borg-Warner model 8 automatic transmission. The style was penned by Bob
Blake. The 2+2 was the first alteration to the E-type’s form, and although
stylistically it was less of a success, from a business point of view it made
perfect sense. 1966 was the E-type’s best year yet, with some 6880 leaving the
factory, with thenew 2+2 proving to be the most popular model.
Motor tested FVC 581D, a 2+2 FHC automatic. Top speed
was 136.2mph and its 0-60mph time was 8.9seconds. Autocar, meanwhile,
tested a manual version and reached a terminal velocity of 139mph and and
completed the 0-60mph dash in 7.4 seconds. The E-type was getting slower…
On 11 July 1966, Jaguar and the British Motor Corporation
announced they were merging to form British Motor Holdings. Effectively a
takeover of Jaguar, but allowing Sir William Lyons to maintain control of his
company. With two brilliant engineering teams headed by William Heynes and Sir Alec
Issigonis, how could they fail?
The 2+2 E-type seemed to point the way to the future for the
Jaguar sports car. Behind the scenes, Jaguar worked on its 60-degree modular V8
and V12 engines with communized parts. These were intended for a new generation
of cars including the XJ21 project, which was the planned E-type replacement.
Work on XJ21 commenced around October 1966, and from the off, it was planned as
a purpose built 2+2. Jaguar was also looking at developing a smaller sports car
using the 2.5-litre Daimler V8, a 3-litre XK engine, or the in-development
3.5-litre V8. The company was certainly ambitious, but its financial resources
made such goals unobtainable. The merger with BMC put paid to plans for a
smaller Jaguar sports cars with the 3-litre MGC waiting in the wings.
While this had been going on, a recession in the American
car market had forced Jaguar to go on to a four day working week from
September 1966. This affected all models except the E-type and 420/Daimler
Sovereign, and proved costly for the company, as it wasn’t until early March
1967 that full time working was resumed. E-type production for 1967 had been
squeezed down to 4989, well down on the comparable figure for 1966. It hadn’t
helped that the Labour government had imposed a credit squeeze in July 1966,
that dampened home sales and caused severe problems for BMC. All these factors
contributed to BMH’s £7.5m loss in the first six months to January 1967,
although Jaguar would have been in profit had it remained independent. At the same
time these figures were released, April 1967, Sir Donald Stokes’ Leyland Motor
Corporation was reporting record sales, and was in an acquisitive mood. This
convinced the government that BMH should be merged with Leyland and by late
July high level meetings were already taking place.
On 5 October, 1967 Jaguar announced a revised E-type, known
retrospectively as the Series 1½. This was to meet impending US emissions
legislation due to come into force on 1st January 1968, and this was after it
had been delayed some four months by protests from British manufacturers.
Jaguar spent £250,000 to enable the E-type to meet these new regulations. The
most obvious revision to the Series 1½ was the removal of the perspex headlamp
covers and the moving forward of the headlamps by 2.5in. This was another
bastardization of Malcolm Sayer’s design, although the Perspex covers did
diffuse the headlights. According to Jaguar’s press release of the time, a
total of 21 changes were made to the export cars to satisfy US regulations. In
October 1967, Autocar magazine tested the latest revised E-type
roadster. The car performed best with the hood up, with a top speed of 140mph.
With the hood down, it could only manage 130mph. The 0-60mph time was
7.4seconds.
On 17 January 1968, it was announced that BMH and Leyland
were merging to form the British Leyland Motor Corporation, and by the Autumn
Sir William Lyons became deputy Chairman. But 1968 was the year when the E-type
ceased to be Browns Lane’s main attraction. There was a new kid on the block,
and it was unveiled on 26th September. The Jaguar XJ6 was the
culmination of all Jaguar Cars technical expertise all in one car. In terms of
ride, handling, stability and comfort it was in a different league to what had
gone before. Not only that, but it was able to carry four people in comfort and
the manual version was available with overdrive, something the E-type never
had, yet was available on cheaper sports cars such as the MGB and Triumph
Spitfire. The acclaim for the saloon was instantaneous and a huge waiting list
soon built up and Jaguar began phasing out its older saloons to free up
production capacity to produce even more. It was also reported at the time that
V8 and V12 engines were in the offing.
At that year’s Earls Court motor show, the Series 2 E-type,
codenamed X12, was announced. There were numerous mechanical and styling
changes, but no price increase – the biggest styling change, in the 2+2 FHC,
was a redesigned windscreen, eliminating the earlier ‘high hat’ look with the
angle of rake increased from 46 degrees to 53.5 degrees from the vertical – a
change which also improved aerodynamic efficiency. The new E-types had sturdier
bumpers, which wrapped around the entire nose and tail, giving better body
protection. Beneath them were new, enlarged indicators, with bigger twin stop
lights at the rear. For the first time, Jaguar offered bolt-on, pressed steel
wheels as alternatives to the wire-spoke type, at extra cost. The headlamps
were as the Series 1½.
The front air intake had been re-shaped and enlarged, with a
68% aperture increase to give reserve capacity when air conditioning equipment
was fitted. Also for the first time the E-type was offered with power-assisted
rack-and-pinion steering as an optional extra. using the same system as on the
new Jaguar XJ6 saloon. Air conditioning was now an option on American market
cars and the car now featured a crossflow radiator with twin electric fans.
Power on the US bound cars was now down to 245bhp SAE or
171bhp (net). The new American regulations demanded a reduction in hydrocarbon
emissions, and this was an area where the six-cylinder XK engine did not
perform well.
So how did the Series 2 E-type perform? In November 1970,
John Bolster tested a two-seat FHC forAutosport. Bolster still managed a
respectable 142mph and a 0-60mph time of 7.2 seconds. Again the alterations
seemed to pay off, with 9948 leaving Browns Lane in 1969, the peak year of
production – and 8643 of these were exported. And this was despite a five-week
strike at Leyland Vehicles in Lancashire, which supplied XK cylinder blocks
which forced Jaguar to lay off workers. This was also the year Williams Heynes
retired as Technical Director, to be succeeded by Walter Hassan.
In 1969, the American car magazine Road &
Track carried out a survey of 100 E-type owners, and came up with mixed
results. By and large, Americans owners liked the car, but the survey revealed
it did have a penchant for unreliability. The main faults were inaccurate
instruments, overheating, oil leaks, dodgy electrics, failing clutches, water
leaks and body parts falling off. There were complaints about lack of
ventilation, lack of space, poor heating and de-misting. Such comments were not
lost on senior Jaguar management as it drew up the specifications of the
E-type’s eventual replacement. Several UK dealers had lobbied Jaguar to raise
the price of the E-type by £100 to enable more attention to be devoted to
eliminating annoying faults in the car – but all to no avail.
By May 1970 it was reported that E-type production had
slowed down to 250 per week. Perhaps with a huge waiting list for the more
profitable XJ6 saloon led Jaguar to switch some E-type production capacity over
to the newer car? Tragically in July 1970, Jaguar aerodynamicist Malcolm Sayer
suffered a fatal heart attack. He was already working on the E-type’s successor
which had mutated from the XJ21 into the larger XJ27/XJ-S.
In a sense the Series 2 E-type was a better car than its
predecessor – American buyers, in particular, demanded more comfort and air
conditioning, even at the expense of performance and looks and the sales
success of 1969/70 reflected this.
Limited for the future?
E-type Series 3 traded style for smoothness...
But engineering this into the ageing E-type was proving
problematical as Jaguar Deputy Chairman FRW Lofty England told author Philip
Porter.
‘But one of the biggest failings of the E-type was the fact
that you hadn’t got enough room in the scuttle to get a decent air conditioning
set up in there, which is pretty vital, and this is the reason really why we
went to the XJ-S. People say “why didn’t you repeat the E-type?” “Well, there
ain’t much room in the cockpit area. There isn’t much room to have a volume of
air in the car, or any elbow room… People don’t realise how operating
conditions have changed since 1961. Traffic is now so appalling and you spend
half your time sitting in a traffic jam. If you’re sitting in traffic, you need
some room to move and you need a proper, decent air conditioning system. The
E-type hadn’t got it.
‘I think with motoring today, it’s just as important to have
the car comfortable standing still as it is when going.’
Although it had originally planned to replace the E-type with
the XJ21, finances dictated that that Jaguar examined the possibility of using
a shortened XJ saloon floor pan and the forthcoming V12 engine. This made
perfect sense as it enabled a degree of rationalization to take place and
produce a roomier car with space for all the equipment consumers demanded.
Also, Sir William Lyons wanted a more refined GT car which could retail at a
higher price and generate more profit for the company. This became project XJ27
which evolved into the XJ-S. A direct E-type replacement would have to wait
until the funds became available to develop one.
As related earlier, Jaguar was working on a modular 60
degree V8/V12 engine, although the V8 was to prove a blind alley. For more
information on the V8/V12 saga, please look at the XJ6/12 development story.
Originally the V12 was intended for the XJ saloon, but in 1968 Technical
Director William Heynes pushed for the V12 engine to be used in the E-type. The
shoehorning of the V12 into the E-type became project XJ25. The first prototype
was completed in 1969 and extensive testing followed with 87 production cars
being completed by the end of 1970.
The XJ25 was launched in March 1971 as the Series 3 Jaguar
E-type and became the first car to use the new 5343cc V12 engine. The V12 was
fitted with four Zenith Stromberg 175CD carburetors and was rated at 314bhp
(SAE) at 5850 rpm, but by now Jaguar was admitting it was in reality 272bhp
DIN. Transmission was the Jaguar four-speed manual or the optional Borg-Warner
12J three-speed automatic. At launch, Jaguar stated that the XK engined E-type
would remain available in Series 3 form, but in reality only three were
manufactured.
Visually the Series 3 E-type was recognizable by its
enlarged air intake which was fitted with a chrome grille, similar in style to
that fitted to the XJ6 saloon. Pressed steel wheels with chrome hubcaps were
standard, and wire wheels were now an optional extra. The wheels were now 6in
wide, an inch more than before, which resulted in the car having flared wheel
arches. The Series 3 also featured a wider track, power steering as standard,
and more powerful brakes. The decision was made to standardize the 8ft 9in
wheelbase of the 2+2, which meant the 2-seater FHC was no longer available. So
how did it perform out on the road?
At the end of 1971 Denis Jenkinson, by now running a Series
2 Roadster, spent a week test driving the new V12 E-type. ‘For all normal
motoring purposes, I could not see that the V12 engine gave any particular
advantage over the six-cylinder, apart from the incredible smoothness and
flexibility. Obviously it had a lot more power, and it did everything the 4.2
did, at a 20mph higher speed. Where the 4.2 would cruise at 100mph with little
or no throttle opening, the V12 cruised at 120mph with the foot eased right
back, but at the expense of 15mpg against 21mpg. The acceleration of the 4.2 at
100 mph for instant overtaking, or getting ahead of an impending situation, was
repeated by the V12 at 120mph though maximum speed was no better than
the3.8-litre E-type…
When driven spiritedly, the Series 3 began to show up a lot
of shortcomings, even though it had been improved with a wider track. It had
lower profile tyres on wider rims, better brakes with ventilated discs, and
improved dampers; but even so the new V12 engine was such a big stride forward,
that the concept of the E-type could not keep pace with it – and it was all too
easy to run out of roadholding, steering and braking ability if you gave the 5.3-litres
their freedom.’
Motor magazine tested a Series 3 Roadster in November
1971 and achieved a maximum speed of 146mph, 3mph down on 77 RW a decade
before. If nothing else, it showed how much less aerodynamic the E-type had
become. What was more impressive was the 0-60mph time, now down to
6.4seconds.Autocar tested the FHC and came away with 142mph and
6.8seconds.
At £3123 for the Roadster and £3,369 for the FHC, the Series
3 was still great value for money. It was cheaper than the £3671 Porsche 911,
which could only manage 125mph. If you still wanted 150mph, you could opt for
the Ferrari 365GT 2+2, but it would cost £9141. By now there were even faster
cars on the market, such as the Lamborghini Miura, which for £10,860 could top
170mph. The 1970s would be the decade of the supercar, and although the E-type
was perhaps the progenitor of these, it was a game Jaguar could no longer
afford to indulge in.
In 1971, Jaguar built 35 XK E-types and 3746 V12s, which was
down on the previous few years – and was perhaps an indication that the car was
losing its sales appeal.
The following year began badly for Jaguar. A two-week strike
by 100 engine assemblers crippled car production. Then, in March Sir William
Lyons retired, to be replaced by Lofty England. In June 1972, a ten-week strike
over pay and the proposed abolition of piecework at Browns Lane brought the
assembly lines to a halt. Pickets prevented the despatch of spares to
dealerships. In the midst of all this, on 11th July, the Jaguar XJ12 saloon was
announced – the car the V12 engine was intended for – although the strike
crippled its introduction.
Nine weeks into the dispute, the now retired Sir William
Lyons publicly criticised the strikers, claiming they were putting the company
in jeopardy, which brought a sharp riposte from one of the strike leaders.
‘Sir William’s statement has put up the men’s backs. It
seems it is always the workers who are to blame for everything. What people do
not realize is that for car workers conditions at Jaguar are among the worst in
the district.’
The longest strike in the history of Jaguar cars ended on
5th September after ten weeks and four days. It cost the company some £21m
worth of cars and ruined the launch of the XJ12. Each of the 2000 strikers was
estimated to have lost between £300 and £400 in wages. Many of the strikers
complained that they rarely worked a full week as they were often sent home
early due to a shortage of components from the ex-Daimler Radford factory and
external suppliers.
The settlement of the dispute led to the introduction of
measured day work at Browns Lane and production of the XJ12 went full steam
ahead to meet demand. Denis Jenkinson borrowed an XJ12 and was able to compare
it to the E-type. ‘This was in the autumn of 1972 and it proved to be a giant
of a car, with road holding and handling up to using the full potential of the
V12 engine. I soon realized that the E-type era was over, for on a cross
country run you would have been hard pressed to keep that big saloon in sight
with an E-type.’
The automatic transmission XJ12 with a maximum speed of
135.7mph was little slower than the FHC Series 3 E-type, which showed how much
chassis development had progressed since 1961. In 1972 E-type production
amounted to some 3705 cars, but the assembly lines had been at a standstill for
around thirteen weeks during the year due to industrial disputes. Also during
the year Jaguar Technical Director Walter Hassan retired to be replaced by Bob
Knight.
On 6 September 1973, Geoffrey Robinson, who had been out in
Italy running British Leyland’s Innocenti operation, was appointed Jaguar
Managing Director working alongside Lofty England. Later in the month, a strike
at power steering supplier Adwest brought the production lines to a halt, and
in October the Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur war broke out. In protest at the West’s
support for Israel the OPEC nations cut back oil production and raised prices
with a cataclysmic effect on the world economy. In the same month, the Jaguar
E-type FHC ceased production, the reason being that from 1974 all coupes sold
in the USA had to be fitted with an internal roll-over bar. Jaguar then boosted
roadster production.
In December, Geoffrey Robinson announced an ambitious plan
to double Jaguar production by 1975. A total of 4686 E-types left Browns Lane
in 1973, which to be fair was quite good and the best since 1969.
For parent company British Leyland, 1973 was a dreadful year
in which it was plagued by strikes which prevented it from exploiting an
expanding car market.
And so to the end…
On New Year’s Day 1974, the three day week came into force
lasting until March. The Three-Day Week was one of several measures introduced
in the United Kingdom by the Conservative Government 1970-1974 to conserve
electricity, the production of which was severely limited due to industrial
action by coal miners. The effect was that commercial users of electricity
would be limited to three specified consecutive days’ consumption each week and
prohibited from working longer hours on those days.
Analysing the E-type production figures, it appears during
the three-day week Jaguar managed to produce around 730 cars despite the
restrictions, suggesting the implications of the steep oil price rises had not
hit home. Lofty England retired from Jaguar at the end of January 1974, citing
friction with Lord Stokes nominee Geoffrey Robinson, who replaced him as
chairman.
As for the E-type, time was running out. All cars exported
to the USA from 1974 had to have ungainly rubber bumper over riders which added
weight and further distorted the cars appearance. And to make matters worse
there were more restrictive American safety regulations on the way for 1976.
Sadly for the E-type, its boot mounted petrol tank could not meet the mandatory
30mph rearward barrier crash test due to come in force. Demand in the USA had
now virtually evaporated and because Jaguar had not cut back on production,
there were many unsold cars at dealerships.
To be fair to Jaguar, many pundits felt that the energy
crisis would not affect Jaguar because of the pre-energy crisis waiting list
for their cars, but quite clearly it had. Only 2759 E-types were manufactured
in 1974, the last emerging in the week ending 14 September 1974. Before he
retired, Lofty England took the decision to axe the car, but the E-type was
ultimately doomed by American regulations, and customer expectations the car
could not deliver. In 1974 the American Road & Track magazine
tested a Series 3 V12 and commented: ‘What was such a magnificent engine doing
in such an outdated body?’
The final E-type, registered HDU 555N was retained by Jaguar
Cars, the last of 72,233 cars. As there were many unsold cars at dealers,
Jaguar delayed announcing the end of E-type production until February 1975. The
E-type, an icon of the Beatles era bowed out in a year when the hottest new
chart act was the Wombles…
At least two Series 3 E-types were fitted with a five speed
gearbox designed by Trevor Commins, working under Harry Mundy. One was fitted
to Lofty England’s FHC which was written off by a Jaguar apprentice around
1975. A second gearbox was fitted in 1973 to the seventh production V12 E-type
owned by Major General WM Broomhall, when his car had completed 70,000 miles.
The E-type left an enduring legacy which enabled people to
forget its faults. In September 1975 the Jaguar XJ-S was launched. Criticised
for its styling, initially unreliable and badly built to the point that by 1980
it faced extinction, the XJ-S suffered in comparison with its predecessor until
it came good in the late 1980s. In fact the XJ-S was more aerodynamic than the
Series 3, thanks to the work of Malcolm Sayer, and was designed to meet US
legislation, which the E-type could no longer conform to.
The E-type had been magnificent in its 1960s heyday, but in
the 1970s world of speed restrictions, motorists wanted more comfort, and sadly
the E-type had to go.
Source:
Written by Ian Nicholls
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